1.1 Arduino

Arduino is an open-source hardware and software company, project, and user community that designs and manufactures very low-powered single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices. It can easily be programmed with an Arduino IDE from a computer/laptop using C++ Programming Language.

Fig.1 - Arduino Uno

1.2 Raspberry PI

Raspberry Pi is a series of small low powered single-board computers (SBCs) developed in the United Kingdom by the Raspberry Pi Foundation in association with Broadcom. It is a full-fledged computer with USB/HDMI/audio/browser, Operating System, and GPIO (General Purpose Input Output) Pins to connect sensors and other devices. As It has an OS, it can be programmed with any programming language.

Fig.2 - Raspberry PI 4B

2. Comparison

2.1 Type

Arduino is a series of microcontrollers/development boards that can be programmed from another computer. Read data from sensors/switch and control motors/led etc.

Raspberry PI is a series of minicomputers for edge computing with a Linux operating system, Browser, Display, Keyboard, Mouse, with additional GPIO functionality where we can attach sensors to read data and actuators to control them.

2.2 Portability

Both controllers' main focus is on portability and edge computing. Arduino with Low power and Shields is highly portable but with low processing power and memory.

2.3 Power

Arduino requires very low power 5V from USB Port or 6-12V from Barrel Jack with the current in mA. It can run with a battery pack for days.

PI requires 5V 0.5-3A Current Range to power processor, USB, Display, and Ethernet Port

2.4 Processing

Arduinos has a processor of low-frequency 16MHz ATMega328P (Arduino Nano) for low-end processing

PI have multicore processors to run the browser, app, software like normal computers 1.5GHz quad-core ARMv8-A (PI 4)

2.5 Memory

Arduino has SRAM range from 2KB (Arduino Nano) - to 64MB (Arduino Portenta H7) Arduino has internal Flash Memory of 32KB - 128MB.

Raspberry PI has DRAM range from 512MB (PI Zero) - to 8GB (PI 4B) PI requires separate storage SD Card/USB for storing OS, Data, and code.

2.6 Applications

Arduino is used for simpler Applications Including

• I/O pins to Sense, Control, and Display on LCD.
• Real-Time Control
• Simple Web Server
• Simple Low-Resolution Camera/Image Processing

PI is used for More Software-based Applications Including

• GPIO pins to connect sensors, controllers, LCD displays.
• Web Server Control
• Camera/Image Processing
• GUI Application/Control
• Edge Networking
• AI and ML

2.7 Durability

The diode on Arduino Uno's Barrel Jack protects it from reverse voltage and the Voltage regulator regulates voltage to 5V. The internal EEPROM of Arduino has a lifetime of 100,000 write cycles. So Refrain from writing to EEPROM too much. It can function 24/7 for a long time and don't get heated up easily.

Running PI with Low Current/Voltage may damage the SD Card (can be replaced). PI gets hot easily, proper heat management can cool the processor.

2.8 Price (pkrs)

Arduino has a price range from 500 (Arduino Nano) - to 25K (Arduino Portenta H7)

Raspberry PI has a price range from 5K (PI Zero) - to 30K (PI 4B 8GB Model)

3. Using Arduino over Raspberry PI

Arduino is preferred over Pi when

Your application is very simple

The application includes using any sensor to control the actuator/display information on LCD Display.

Real time processing

Unlike PI handling hardware/Ports/OS, Arduino runs a single function compiled in a loop. It can be used when you have real-time constraints.

Analog/PWM Hardware pins

Analog inputs: Arduino can be used to read analog values from sensors 0-5V (0-1023)

PWM: Some Pins on Arduino can use PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) to control motors/devices and faster switching to create analog output signals.

4. Using Raspberry PI over Arduino

PI is preferred over Arduino when you have

A Complex application – Software Based

When you need high-end processing and memory or need a web server or display for GUI Application

Want to use other languages

PI has an OS which means you can install and program on any Language eg. Python, C++, Javascript, etc.

Multi-threading Task

Arduino runs on a single function running in a loop on a single processor. Due to Multi-Cores present on the PI with an OS, It can easily be programmed for multi threading.

Arduino Mega 2560 is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega2560.

It has 54 digital input/output pins (of which 15 can be used as PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, 4 UARTs (hardware serial ports), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button.

Fig.1 - Arduino Mega Specs

2. Arduino Mega Pin Diagram

Fig.2 - Arduino Mega Pin Diagram

Arduino Mega 2560 R3 Schematic

3. Ram/Memory

The ATmega2560 has 256 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 8 KB is used for the bootloader), 8 KB of SRAM and 4 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library).

4. Serial and Parallel Communication

4.1 Serial Communication

Serial Communication is transferring of data bit by bit, sequentially. This is the most common form of communication used in the digital word. Contrary to the parallel communication, serial communication needs only one line for the data transfer. Thereby, the cost for the communication line as well as the space required is reduced. USB (Universal Serial Bus) is present in every computer/mobile/devices for serial communication

4.1.1 I2C (Inter Integrated Circuit)

The I2C communication can be supported by two pins namely 20 & 21 where 20-pin signifies Serial Data Line (SDA) which is used for holding the data & 21-pin signifies Serial Clock Line (SCL ) mostly utilized for offering data synchronization among the devices

4.1.2 SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface)

The SPI is used to transmit the data among the controller & other components. Four pins like MISO (50), MOSI (51), SCK (52), and SS (53) are utilized for the communication of SPI.

4.1.3 UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter)

Arduino Mega has 4 UART Serial Port (TX, RX), (1, 0), (14, 15), (16, 17), (18, 19)

TX is used to Transmit and RX to Recieve Data from other device.

Fig.3 - UART Specs

4.2 Parallel Communication

Parallel communication is transferring of the bits in a parallel at a time. This is used where is speed is main concern than space. The transfer of data is at high speed due to no bus buffer is present. Digital and Analog Pins are used in Parallel to communicate with other devices. Where Each Pin's High/Low state defines the bit of Data. Seperate Pin/Wire is used to define a state/stream of data.

Fig.4 - Parallel Communication

5. Digital Analogue and PWM I/O Pins

Arduino Mega 2560 has

• 54 digital input/output Pins (0-53)

These Digital Pins can be used to either ouput 5V (High) or 0V (Low) or can input High/Low state.

• Where 15 are PWM Pins (2-13, 44, 45, 46)

These PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) Pins can be used to Analog Output which is generated through digital pulses. The average due to frequency/width of pulse define the analog output/voltage less than 5V. And can be used where faster High/Low switching is required.

• 16 analog inputs Pins (A0 - A15)

These Analog input Pins can be used to detect input signals from 0V-5V (0-1023)

6. Current/Voltage Limitations

• Operating Voltage: 5V
• Input Voltage (Barrel Jack): 6-20V
• DC Current I/O Pins: 20mA
• DC Current 3.3V Pins: 50mA

The Arduino Mega2560 has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB ports from overcurrent. If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse will automatically break the connection until the short or overload is removed.

7. ICSP Header

The ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header can be used to program the Arduino board’s firmware with the new functionalities. Or if your internal arduino programmer is not working you can use seperate programmer or another arduino board to program your microcontroller.

Fig.5 - ICSP Header

Open Proteus Professional. Press P on the keyboard to open device manager and search for Arduino if present.

Fig.1 - Device Manager

2. Download and Install Arduino Library

2.1 Download and extract the archive from the url

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1yV5pCpzhq_Td8zuksWEae6Dqg-0E7l5v/view

Fig.2 - Arduino Library Files

2.2 Copy the files to Proteus LIBRARY folder

C:\Program Files (x86)\Labcenter Electronics\Proteus 8 Professional\DATA\LIBRARY

Fig.3 - Proteus Library Folder

2.3 Restart Proteus and check for Arduino Double Click to use.

Fig.4 - Arduino Components Available in Devices Manager

2.4 Place Arduino in Schematic View

Fig.5 - Schematic View

3. Program and Simulate Arduino

3.1 Open Arduino IDE

Fig.6 - Arduino IDE

3.2 Select Blink Example and Save it to your desired Location

Fig.7 - Blink Example

3.3 Export to compiled binary for use in proteus

Fig.8 - Compile to Binary

3.4 .hex Extension file will be generated in the folder

Fig.9 - Generated .hex Files

3.5 Edit Arduino properties

Fig.10 - Arduino Component Properties

3.6 Select Program file from the folder.

Fig.11 - Component Properties	Fig.12 - Select .hex file

3.7 Pick LED from device manager

Fig.13 - LED

3.8 Select Ground Terminal from Terminals Mode

Fig.14 - Ground Terminal

3.9 Connect the LED with PIN 13 and Ground Terminal

Fig.15 - Schematic View

3.10 Start the Simulation and LED will start Blinking

Fig.16 - Simulation

1.1 Open Url https://www.labcenter.com/downloads/

Fig.1 - Proteus Download Page

1.2 Click download

Enter your email and the download link will be sent to your email address and will expire in 2 hours.

Fig.2 - Proteus Download Link

2. Download and run the setup

2.1 Visual C++ Installer will start before Proteus Setup

Install All 3 Packages.

VC++ 2008	VC++ 2010	VC++ 2013

2.2 Install Proteus with Default Settings

Fig.3 - Proteus Setup

3. Open Proteus Professional

3.1 Right Click and Run as Administrator Proteus Icon Present on Desktop

Fig.4 - Run as Administrator

3.2 Proteus Home Page

Fig.5 - Proteus Home Page

3.3 Create New Project and Select Default Settings

Fig.6 - Default Schematic Window

3.4 Menu Bar

You create/save/load/print etc the project from the menu bar

Fig.7 - Menu Bar

3.5 Simulation Controls

You can start stop and pause the simulation from here

Fig.8 - Simulation Controls

3.6 Modes

You can change to select/component/instrument mode etc from here

Fig.9 - Modes

3.7 Device Manager

Click P in Component Mode or Press P on Keyboard to open Device Manager. Here you can see and select the device/components installed for use. Search and double click LED and Cell to use

Fig.10 - LED	Fig.11 - Cell

3.8 Selected Component will be present in Devices list on the left

Fig.12 - Devices List

3.9 Drag and Drop components schematic view and connect the terminals

Fig.13 - Simulation Schematic

3.10 Double click the cell and change the voltage to 3V

Fig.14 - Components Properties

3.11 Clcik start simulation Button and LED will start Glowing

Fig.15 - Simulation

1.1 Open url: https://www.arduino.cc/en/software

Select the setup for your operating system

Fig.1 - Arduino Download Page

1.2 Support or Just Download the Setup

Fig.2 - Support Arduino

2. Open IDE Setup

Fig.3 - Arduino Setup

2.1 Use Default Settings and click Install

Fig.4 - Installation Progress

2.2 Click Install to All Drivers Prompts

Fig.5 - Drivers Prompts

3. Open Arduino IDE

3.1 Arduino IDE is ready to use

Double Click Shotcut icon present on the desktop

Fig.6 - IDE Icon

3.2 Allow IDE to access the Internet

Fig.7 - Firewall Prompt

3.3 IDE Splash Screen

Fig.8 - IDE Splash Screen

3.4 IDE Default View

Fig.9 - IDE Default View

3.5 Menu Bar

New Library and Boards can be installed and Selected from the menu bar. A sketch can be compiled/uploaded/saved and created from this menu

Fig.10 - Menu Bar

3.6 Console

IDE Compilation/Uploading/Error Logs can be viewed from this console

Fig.11 - Console

3.7 Library Manager

Other Libraries can be Installed from Library Manager

Fig.12 - Library Manager

3.8 Boards Manager

Other boards can be installed/selected from the board manager

Fig.13 - Board Manager

3.9 Serial Monitor

Serial Monitor is used to read/write data to/from the serial device/arduino

Fig.14 - Serial Monitor

4. Example Codes

Example codes can be accessed from example menu.

Fig.15 - Example Codes

4.1 Blink Example

Arduino Uses C++ Language to Program the Board which is then compiled to machine code then uploaded to the board to run.

The code consist of two default functions

• setup

Setup function runs once on start to setup I/O pins and to define/setup the default state of the device.

• loop

Loop function runs forever in the loop

Fig.16 - Blink Example

Connect Arduino Microcontroller to your computer and Select your Board and Port and then click Upload to auto compile and upload the code to arduino. LED Builtin on the Board will start Blinking.

Degrees of freedom for planar linkages joined with common joints can be calculated through Gruebler’s equation.

Gruebler’s equation is given by the formula:

M = 3(L-1) - 2J₁ - J₂

where:

• M is degree of freedom or Mobility
• L is number of links
• J₁ is number of full joints
• J₂ is number of half joints

Grashof Condition

Grashof’s Law states that for a four-bar linkage system, if the sum of length of shortest and longest of a planar quadrilateral linkage is less than or equal to the sum of the remaining two links , then the shortest link can rotate freely with respect to neighbouring link.

Let denote the smallest link of four bar linkage with S and the longest link by L and the other two links by P and Q.

The necessary condition to satisfy Grashof’s Law is :

S + L ≤ P + Q

Barker's Classification

Try Yourself

Degrees of freedom for planar linkages joined with common joints can be calculated through Gruebler’s equation.

Gruebler’s equation is given by the formula:

M = 3(L-1) - 2J₁ - J₂

where:

• M is degree of freedom or Mobility
• L is number of links
• J₁ is number of full joints
• J₂ is number of half joints

Try Yourself